动词不定式讲解初中英语语法
1.不定式的基本形式与结构
动词不定式指通常由to加上动词原形 (如to write) 所构成的一种非限定性动词形式,但在有些情况下to可以省略。动词不定式有进行体和完成体(如上to be writing,to have written),也有被动态(如to be written),所有的主动词,不论是及物动词还是不及物动词,也不论是动作动词还是状态动词,都有不定式形式。助动词除be和have外, 没有不定式形式。动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。
2.不定式的用法
1)不定式结构作主语
1.Te get contact with his family in Taiwan made him extremely happy since they separated more than 40 years ago.
2.To finish that task in such a short time is really a challenge.
在上述情况下,如果不定式较长,显得头重脚轻,则可由代词让作形式主语(形式主语it不可由that或this等其他代词代替),而将不定式放到后面。如:
1.It made him extremely happy to get contact with his family in Taiwan since they separated more than 40 years ago. 2.John admitted that it is always difficult for him to be on time.
不定式结构所表示的动作是谁做的,即不定式的逻辑主语,通常可以通过for sb. to do sth. 结构表达: 1.It is quite important for us to read good books during a general review. 2.It is not difficult fot those talented students to pass the exam. 在某些形容词(如careless,clever,considerate,foolish,good,impolite,kind, naughty,nice,silly,stupid等)作表语时,不定式后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语: 1.It is very kind of you to tell me the truth. 2.It is stupid of him to do such a silly thing.
3不定式作宾语 不定式作宾语有两种:一种是及物动词后直接跟带to的不定式, 另一种是“及物动词+疑问词+带to的`不定式。
及物动词+带to的不定式结构: 只能跟动词不定式的动词,常见的有: afford, agree, aim, appear, ask, believe, care,claim,decide demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, happen, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, long, manage, offer, pretend, promise, prepare, refuse, seek, swear, undertake,want, wish等。
1.He managed to solve the complicated problem. 2.The stranger offered to show me the way. 3.Mr. Smith undertook to build a new plant in South Africa.
动词+疑问代(副)词+不定式: 这类动词常见的有advise, decide, find out, forget, inquire, know, learn, see, regard, remember, teach, tell, understand, wonder等。常见的疑问代(副)词有: what, when, where, which, how, whether等。
1.He does not know when to start. 2.You can decide whether to continue or to stop. 3.I will show you how to deal with it.
有时,不定式可由it代替,而把不定式放到后面去。这可以用这一结构表达:动词(如find, think,consider,feel等)+it+ 形容词+不定式。 1.She considers it necessary to make friends with him. 2.We find it difficult to finish all the homework before 9 o’clock.
3)不定式做表语 一种情况为主语是不定式(表示条件);表语也是不定式(表示结果):
1.To see is to believe.2.To work means to earn a living.
另一种情况为主语是以aim,duty,hope, idea,job, plan,problem, purpose,thing,wish等名词为中心的短语,或以what引导的名词性从句,不定式表语对主语起补充说明作用;例如: 1.His aim is to study abroad in the near future. 2.The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the price. 3.What I want to say is to forget all the unhappy experience.
4)不定式作定语 不定式结构作名词词组修饰语主要有三种类型:
第一种,被修饰的名词词组是不定式的逻辑宾语。例如: 1.There was really nothing to fear. 2.He gave me an interesting book to read. 如果不定式是不及物动词,后面就得加相应的介词。例如: 1.Mary needs a friend to play with. 2.That girl has nothing to worry about. 3.They have a strict teacher to listen to. 4.Although the film had been on for ten minutes, I still was not able to find a chair to sit on.第二种,被修饰的名词词组是不定式的逻辑主语;例如: 1.Have you got a key to unlock the door? 2.The action to be taken is correct. 3.There is nothing to be gained by pretending.第三种,被修饰的名词词组是不定式的同位结构。这类名词通常是表示企图、努力、倾向、目的、愿望、is算、能力、意向等意义的名词:ability, attempt, effort, impulse, inclination,wish等。例如: 1.Her daughter will make an even bigger effort to please her. 2.I have no wishto quarrel withyou. 3.Neither of them had any inclination to do business with Mary.
5)不定式作状语 不定式结构在句中作状语通常都能转换为限制性状语从句。例如作原因状语: 1.They are quite surprised to see the great changes taking place in the area. 2.They are quite surprised because they see the great changes taking place in the area. 3.He was lucky to arrive before dark. 4.He was lucky because he arrived before dark.
作目的状语: 1.She raised her voice to be heared better. 2.She raised her voice so that she could heard better. 3.We went via Heidelberg to miss the traffic jam. 4.We went via Heidelberg so that we could miss the traffic jam.
作结果状语: 1.The French football team played so successfully as to defeat the Brazilians. 2.The French football team played so successfully that they even defeated the Brazilians. 3.He got to the station only to be told the train had gone. 4.He got to the station and was told that the train had gone.
不带to的不定式的使用 动词不定式通常带to,但在有些搭配中不带to,在另一些搭配中可带to可不带to。归纳起来,以下情况下使用不带to不定式:
1) 在can/could, /may/might,will/would,shall/should,must, need,dare等情态动词之后,动词不定式不带to。
2)在表示感觉意义的动词,如see初中英语语法总结,feel,watch,notice,smell,hear,observe等后,或是表示“致使”意义的动词,如have,let,make等后,动词不定式不带to。例如: 1.I often heard him say that he would study hard. 2.I must have him see his own mistakes. 但是,当这类结构转换为被动语态时,后面的不带to不定式一般转换为带to不定式。 例如: 1.He was often heard to say that he would study hard. 2.After he had finished speaking,he was made to answer innumerable questions.
3)在动词help之后可用不带to的不定式,也可用带to的不定式。例如: 1.Help the old lady (to) carry the heavy box.
4) 在had better,would rather,may/might as well,rather than,can not but等搭配之后初中英语语法总结,动词不定式也不带to。例如: 1.Unless you feel to ill to go out,I would rather not stay at home tonight. 2.She could not but criticize his foolish behaviour.
5) 在make do,make believe,let drop,1et fall,1et fly,let slip,let drive,let go off,hear say,hear tell,leave go of等固定搭配中,用不带to的动词不定式。例如: 1.They let go of the rope.他们松开了绳子。 2.John let fly a torrent of abuse at me.约翰朝我痛骂了一顿。 3.I've heard tell of him.我听说过他。
6)在介词but初中英语语法总结初中英语语法总结,except之后,如果其前有动词do的某种形式,其后不定式一般不带to,反之则必须带to,表示“不得不初中英语语法总结,只能”。例如:
1.He will do anything except work on the farm.
2.There was nothing left for the enemy to do but surrender.
3.The spy was both hungry and cold;there was nothing left for him but to give in.
4.I had no choice but to wait till it stopped raining.
下面一些短语是固定搭配,不带to: can not help but,can not choose but,can not but,do nothing but,have nothing to do but。例如: I can not but admire his courage. 如果上述句中有do,to省略: I did nothing but watch TV last night. 如果是下面一个固定搭配,就带to: I have no choice but to give up my idea.
7)紧跟在why或why not之后的动词不定式总是不带to。但是,紧跟在who,what,which,whether等连接词后的不定式带to。例如: Why stand up if you can sit down? Why not ask your teacher when you don't understand the meaning? You needn't decide yet whether to study arts or science. 4.不定式的完成式和进行式 1)构成 完成式:to+ have done 进行式:to+ be doing
;初中英语语法归纳 好心人罗列一下吧
记忆是人类心智活动的一种,属于心理学或脑部科学的范畴。记忆代表着一个人对过去活动、感受、经验的印象累积,有相当多种分类,主要因环境、时间和知觉来分。下面我为你整理初中英语语法学习顺口溜,。
初中英语语法学习顺口溜
动词为纲?滚雪球? 难易编组抓循环
同类归纳印象深 图示介词最直观
混淆多因形音义 反义词语成对念
构词方法不可忘 习惯用语集中练
词不离句法最好 课外阅读莫间断
be 的用法口诀顺口溜
我用am,你用are,is连着他,她,它;
单数名词用is,复数名词全用are.
变疑问,往前提,句末问号莫丢弃。
变否定,更容易,be后not莫忘记。
疑问否定任你变,句首大写莫迟疑。
时间名词前所用介词的速记歌
年月周前要用in,日子前面却不行。
遇到几号要用on,上午下午又是in.
要说某日上下午,用on换in才能行。
午夜黄昏须用at,黎明用它也不错。
at也用在明分前,说?差?可要用上to,
说?过?只可使用past,多说多练牢牢记,
莫让岁月空蹉跎。
记住f(e)结尾的名词复数顺口溜
妻子持刀去宰狼,小偷吓得发了慌;
躲在架后保己命,半片树叶遮目光。
巧记48个国际音标顺口溜
单元音共十二,四二六前中后。
双元音也好背,合口集中八个整。
辅音共计二十八,八对一清又七浊,
四个连对也包括。有气无声清辅音,
有声无气浊辅音,发音特点应掌握。
非谓语动词的一些特殊用法
后只接不定式作宾语的一些常用特殊谓语动词
动词后,不定式,want,hope和wish,
agree,decide,mean,manage,promise,
expect,pretend,且说两位算在此,
要记牢,要记住,掌握它们靠自己。
后接动词不定式做宾语补足语,省略不定式符号?to?的一些常用特殊动词
一些动词要掌握,have,let和make,
此三动词是使役,?注意?观察?听到?see,
还有feel和watch,使用它们要仔细,
后接?宾补?略去?to?,此点千万要牢记
?八字言?顺口溜
一感feel,二听hear,listen to,三让have,let,make,四看see,look at,observe,watch
后只接动名词做宾语的一些常用特殊动词
特殊动词接?动名?,使用它们要记清,
?放弃?享受?可?后悔?,
?坚持?练习?必?完成?,
?延期?避免?非?介意?
掌握它们今必行。
动名词在句中的功能及其它
?动名?语法其功能,名词特征有动、形,主宾表定都可作,?动名?、?现分?要认清,?现分?不作?宾?和?主?,
动名作?状?可不行。二词皆可作定语,混为一谈不允许,主谓关系视分词,?动名?一词无此义。
独立主格结构顺口溜
独立结构要认清:名、代之后副或形。
或是分词或?介短?,with结构不可轻,
名代二词是其?主?,句子结构必分明。
独立结构好掌握,句中作用只一个:
千变万化皆做?状?,其中意义也不多。
?时间?条件?和?原因?,?方式?伴随?没别的。
?状从?和其前三个,可以互变不难学。
英语分数顺口溜
英语分数不费事,?母序子基?四个字。
分子若是大于一,分母还须加-s.
字母?oo?读音歌
?oo?发[u:]最常见,非重音中要短念。
字母?k?前不能长,?好脚站木羊毛?短。
?血?与?水灾?真特殊,?oo?读[?]细分辨。
?oo?加?r?读作[ ],?poor?读[ ]好可怜。
注:?好脚站木?即:good,foot,stood,wood
第二句也可以是:?d、k之前oo短,?foot?、?food?恰相反。
1.长音:bloom,boot,cool,foot,moon,root,school,soon,too,troop,room,zoo
2.弱读短:classroom,schoolroom,workroom,bedroom,boyhood
3.k前短:book,brook,cook,look,shook,took
4.[ ]:door,floor
在某些表示请求、命令、建议等动词后面的宾语从句中,谓语动词要用动词原形或should+动词原形。
I?insist, d?denand, r?request/require/recommend, o?order, p?propose, c?command, a?advise, p?preqersic, s?suggest.
巧记英文信封的写法
A.可以记住汉字?尖?字,先写小地名,再写大地名。
B.将竖式汉文写法的信封,按顺时针方向旋至水平位置。这样,地址的排列顺序恰巧是英文信封的书写格式。
巧记家庭成员英语分数
爹father 娘mother 哥哥弟弟brother 姐姐妹妹sister.
long before 和before long
long 在前(long before),?很久前?, long在后(before long),?不久后?。
巧记lie和lay
躺 lie,lay,lain,lie in bed again;
撒谎 lie,lied,lied,don?t be a liar;
产蛋 lay,laid,laid,a hen laid an egg;
放置 A loy picked it up,and laid it in the bag.
开、闭音节歌顺口溜
开音节,音节开,
一元字母在后排;
不怕一辅堵后门,
还有哑e在门外。
(拍手念)a,e,o,u,i
就读a,e,o,u,i
闭音节,音节闭,
一元字母生闷气;
辅音字母堵后门,
一元字母音短急。
(拍手念)a,e,o,u,i
中日友好是近邻,单数复数一个样。
英法联军a变e,其余一律加s.
单数Chinese 复数Chinese(不变)
Japanese Japanese(不变)
Englishman Englishmen(a变e)
初中英语动词不定式归纳
牛津初中英语语法归纳
7A Unit 1
一般现在时 (is /am/are, do / does)的肯定、否定和疑问形式。
例:My hair is long.
Cats eat fish.
He goes to school on foot every day.
7A Unit 2
1.人称代词 —— 主格 :I , you , he, she, it, we, they. 在句中作主语。
例: We/ I / You/ They have lunch at school. He / She/ It looks at me.
2.人称代词 —— 宾格 :me, you, him, her, it, us, them在句中作宾语。
例: The teacher often helps us / me/ him/ her/ them.
7A Unit 3
时间介词 at, on, in
疑问词:what, which, who, whose, when, where, why, how
some, any 的用法
7A Unit 4
频率副词 never, seldom, sometimes, often, usually, always
There be 结构表示“某个地方客观存在”。
7A Unit 5
现在进行时 is/ am/are + doing 表示正在进行的动作.
7A Unit 6
can , may表示“允许、可以”。
顺序副词: first, then, next, afterwards, finally.
7B Unit 1
方位介词:in front of, between, next to, between, opposite, on
基数词:one, two, three, four,…
序数词:first, second, third, fourth….
7B Unit 2
how much, how many.表示“多少”, 前者跟不可数名词,后者跟可数名词的复数。
名词所有格: Millie’s home, The two students’ homes....
形容词性物主代词:my, your, his , her, our, their, its
名词性物主代词:mine, yours, his, her, ours, theirs, its…
4. 定冠词the的用法: 独一无二的,前文已提到过的。
7B Unit 3
动作介词: across, along, through, over, to, up, down, round, from
一般将来时:will +动词原形, shall + 动词原形(但只能用于we/ I 第一人称)
is/ am/ are going to + 动词原形
7B Unit 4
一般过去时的肯定、否定和疑问形式。
be 动词的过去式:was/ were
do(实义动词)的过去式分规则和不规则两类。
7B Unit 5
用can/ could表示“能力”“会”。
I can speak English. I could swim when I was young.
用can/ could 表示“可能”“可能性”。
I am free. I can help you. At that time, anything could happen.
感叹句 What a good girl! What bad weather! How nice it is!
7B Unit 6
祈使句的肯定形式和否定形式:
Walk the dog at 7:00. (Please) don’t chase the cat.
情态动词should, ought to & must 的用法
should (应该)/ shouldn’t(不应该),
ought to(应该)/ ought not to(不应该), must (必须)/ mustn’t (不可以,不允许)。
8A Unit 1
1. 描述性形容词,如:short, long, round, interesting,funny, slim, important, beautiful等。
2.形容词的比较级和最高级 ① 规则的bigger / the biggest more important/
the most important
② 不规则的 worse / the worst
表示“比较”的句式:as + 形容词+as ----- “和。。。一样”
not as / so + 形容词 + as——“。。。。不如。。。”
8A Unit 2
比较两者间的数量用以下句式:more….than, fewer….than., less… than
例: I have more / fewer apples than you. (后跟复数名词)
I have more / less free time than he/ him.(后跟不可数名词)
2.比较两者以上间的数量用 the most, the fewest, the least.
例: Amy scored the most/ fewest points of all.
Daniel has the least money of the three..
3.用 like & alike 来比较。例:
My skirt is / looks like hers. = My skirt and hers are alike.
4. 用词组 the same as & be different from来比较
8A Unit 3
1. and, but, or(或者)的用法。
2. 动词+ to do 这些动词有:plan, agree, want, decide, choose, hope, learn, prepare等。
3.反身代词:myself, yourself, yourselves, ourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves
8A Unit 4
由if引导的条件状语从句
1. 用来描述可能出现的情况,主句时态用将来时,如:
If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go to the park..
2.用来描述反复的、可预见的情况,主句时态用一般时。如:
If tigers are hungry, they attack people.
8A Unit 5
1. 用一般现在时表示“将来”。如:The train leaves at 9:00.
2.用现在进行时表示“将来”,如:We are leaving for Shanghai this evening.
3.方式副词:quietly, gently, easily, well…往往由形容词+ly变成副词,如:
quiet – quietly, easy—easily, possible – possibly
少数副词和形容词同形,如:fast, early, long 等。
注意:good—well, near—nearly , hard -- hardly
8A Unit 6
1. 表示原因的连词:because , as, since. (这些词放在原因从句之前,主句不能再用so.)
2.表示命令、请求、建议的句式:tell / ask / order /advise / warn sb. (not) to do sth.
8B Unit 1
现在完成时
结构: have / has + PP 表示动作发生在过去但对现在仍有影响。
肯定、否定和疑问形式
常用的一些时间状语,如:already, ever, for, since, just, never, yet等。
for + 一段时间, since + 过去的一点时间/ 用过去式的从句,相对应的主句动词要用延续性动词,如:leave --- be away, die --- be dead, borrow ---- keep, buy—have, come ---be here, join –- be in/ be a member of 等。如:
He has left already.
He has been away for two hours.
8B Unit 2
1. 过去进行时 was / were + doing 表示过去某个时刻正在进行的 。
2. 肯定、否定和疑问形式.
3. while 和 when在过去进行时中的用法:
进行时+ while +进行时
过去式,while + 进行时 = when +过去式,进行时
例:I was doing my homework while my father was watching TV..
The bell rang while he was reading books.
When the bell rang, he was reading books. (以上这两句主从句前后可以互换)
8B Unit 3
被动语态
结构:be + PP 时态变化都只改变be 的各种形式
肯定、否定和疑问形式
不是所有的动词都有被动形式,如感觉动词: feel, smell, look, taste, sound 和 happen, take place 等。
主动形式表被动意义,如: This shirt sells well.
(详细见课件复习)
8B Unit 4
because, because of, so 的用法。
because + 从句, because of +短语 (but: what you said), 两者后都跟原因。
so 后跟结果的从句。同一句子中,不能同时出现because/ because of和 so.
2.hope & wish的用法
hope 所希望的是有可能实现的,但wish所希望的是现在不可能实现的。
如:I hope you can come to my party.
I wish I were the President.
3.主语 hope to do sth., 主语hope其他人做某事,要跟从句。
wish可用来向某人祝福,如: I wish you a happy new year!
8B Unit 5
宾语从句(陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句)
used to & be used to 的用法
used to do 意思为:过去常常,过去曾。如:
He used to be a teacher. He used to get up early.
be used to doing / sth.意思为:习惯于做某事,如:
He is used to the bad weather. He is used to getting up early.
8B Unit 6
三个句型结构:
It’s +形容词 + that 从句,如:
It is necessary that we help the elderly.
It’s + 形容词 + to do sth., 如:
It’s useful to learn English well.
It’s +形容词+ for sb (not). to do sth.,如:
It’s necessary for us to protect the environment.
9A Unit 1
1. 句式:It is +形容词(性格)+of sb.+ (not) to do sth.
如:It’s kind of you to help me.
2. 句式: 主语+ be +形容词+enough + to do sth.
如: They are patient enough to wait for me for 2 hours.
3. 句子的不同成分:主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语。
9A Unit 2
固定结构:would rather…than…宁愿。。。也不愿。。。
如:On such a rainy day, I would rather stay at home than go out.
固定结构:prefer… to… 宁愿。。。不愿。。。, 比起。。。更喜欢。。。
如:I prefer red to blue.
On such a rainy day, I prefer staying at home to going out.
不定代词:someone /somebody, anyone / anybody, no one / nobody
something, anything, nothing, none
作主语时为单数,形容词后置。
9A Unit 3
1. 疑问词+ to do
如:I don’t know how to do it./ what to do.
We haven’t decided when to have the meeting.
2.句子种类:陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句。
3.宾语补足语。如:We find him a good boy / good.
4. 5种句子结构 主语+ 谓语 Millie is reading.
主语+ 谓语+ 宾语 Millie is reading a book.
主语+ 谓语+ 表语 Millie is here.
主语 + 谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 We gave him a book.
主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾补 We call him Tom.
9A Unit 4
1. 介词短语:between…. and…., from…. to….
2. 连词:before, after, until / not… until
3. 连词:while & as
While + 进行时,进行时 while / as + 进行时, 非进行时(短暂性动词)
As + 非进行时(短暂性动词),非进行时(短暂性动词)
9A Unit 5
1.过去完成时 had + PP(过去分词)
2.用should, ought to, had better, have to, must 表示建议。
否定形式: ought not to had better not, don’t have to / needn’t
3. 用 why not, why don’t you, perhaps 来表示建议,要放在句首。
9A Unit 6
1.易混淆的单词: bring /take, hear/ listen, see/ look/ watch, come / go
2.有时态变化的间接引语。
时间状语的变化(P 103)
疑问句变为间接引语时,要注意疑问语序要变为陈述语序、句尾标点符号。
9B Unit 1
1. 用can / could, may / might 来表示允许。四单词正式语气递增。
2. that 引导的宾语从句。
3.If / whether引导的宾语从句。
9B Unit 2
1.由疑问词引导的宾语从句。
2.i n order to do & as a result
3. need to do , need 有时态变化,否定形式要用助动词 do. does, did
初中英语动词不定式归纳如下:
1、动词不定式指通常由to加上动词原形(如to write)所构成的一种非限定性动词形式,但在有些情况下to可以省略。
动词不定式有进行体和完成体(如上to be writing,to have written),也有被动态(如to be written),所有的主动词,不论是及物动词还是不及物动词,也不论是动作动词还是状态动词,都有不定式形式。助动词除be和have外,没有不定式形式。
动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。
2、不定式作宾语有两种:一种是及物动词后直接跟带to的不定式,另一种是“及物动词+疑问词+带to的不定式。
3、不定式做表语,一种情况为主语是不定式(表示条件);表语也是不定式(表示结果)。另一种情况为主语是以aim,duty,hope,idea,job,plan,problem,purpose,thing,wish等名词为中心的短语,或以what引导的名词性从句。
4、to不定式。
在表示感觉意义的动词,如see初中英语语法总结,feel,watch,notice,smell,hear,observe等后,或是表示“致使”意义的动词,如have,let,make等后,动词不定式不带to。
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本文概览:动词不定式讲解初中英语语法 1.不定式的基本形式与结构 动词不定式指通常由to加上动词原形 (如to write) 所构成...